养分管理措施对干热河谷火龙果土壤肥力的影响

为阐明火龙果地不同养分管理方式下土壤矿质养分变化特征，揭示土壤肥力质量变化规律，设置施用农家肥（farmyard manure，FM）、套种绿肥（alfalfa，AF）、施用生物有机肥（bio-organic fertilizer，BOF）与凋落物覆盖（litter coverage，LC）4种养分管理方式，通过分析不同处理的土壤肥力指标变化，明确不同养分管理方式对火龙果地土壤肥力质量的影响。结果表明：不同养分管理方式的土壤理化性质变化规律各异，在LC方式下pH低于7，呈弱酸性，其余养分管理方式下均呈弱碱性；LC对土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon，SOC）、有效磷（available phosphorus，AP）、有效锰（available manganese，AMn）、有效铁（available iron，AFe）等土壤养分增效显著，AF对SOC、全氮（total nitrogen，TN）、全钾（total potassium，TK）增效作用较弱，FM以及BOF下SOC及多数有效态元素含量相对较低；土壤速效养分受到pH的影响较大，大量元素与微量元素多呈极显著正相关；不同养分管理方式的土壤质量综合指数表现为，LC（1.793）>AF（0.949）>FM（-0.995）>BOF（-1.747）。LC为土壤养分积累较为适宜的管理方式，其次为AF，FM次之，BOF对土壤养分的积累效应最低，但其对提高作物产量具有较好的作用。     

LED补光对水稻秧苗素质及其生理特征和产量的影响

采用发光二极管(light-emitting diode,LED)精确调制光谱能量,研究不同光质对水稻秧苗素质(株高、根长和鲜干重)和生理特征(内源激素、抗氧化酶、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛)的影响,探讨生理特征与秧苗素质和补光移栽后产量的耦合关系。水稻秧苗分别在5种光质下进行补光照射:R (100%红光),B (100%蓝光),RB (80%红光+20%蓝光)RBG_12.5(62.5%红光+25%蓝光+12.5%绿光),RBG₂₅(50%红光+25%蓝光+25%绿光),光量子通量均为1 000μmol·m^-2·s^-1,照射30 d (6 h/d)后采样,并插秧至稻田,以无补光作为对照(CK)。与CK相比,LED补充光源显著(P<0.05)影响水稻秧苗的株高、根长和鲜干重。株高和地上部分干重最大值分别出现在R和RBG_12.5处理,而根长和地下部分干重的最大值均出现在RBG_12.5处理。LED补充光源对内源激素、抗氧化酶、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛的影响程度因光质和植物部位而异。与CK相比,RBG_12.5二显著(P<0.05)提高地上部生长素(IAA)含量和可溶性蛋白含量,B显著(P<0.05)提高地上部超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;RBG_12.5和RBG₂₅显著(P<0.05)提高地下部IAA含量,RBC₂₅显著(P<0.05)提高地下部可溶性蛋白含量和MDA含量。补光移栽后水稻产量的变化趋势与光质对水稻秧苗壮苗指数的影响趋势一致:RBG_12.5> RBG25> RB> B> R> CK。逐步回归分析发现,壮苗指数与地上部赤霉素(GA_3)含量和IAA含量及地下部IAA含量和SOD活性显著正相关;补光移栽后产量与秧苗地上部IAA含量及地下部IAA含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著正相关。LED补充光源通过调节水稻秧苗生理特征影响其素质,且影响效应延续至水稻成熟期。RBG_12.5光源更利于培育水稻壮苗和水稻增产,适宜用作工厂化育秧的补充光源。     

生物多样性保护优先区生态网络构建与优化——以太行山片区为例

生物多样性保护优先区是重要物种的栖息地，是生物多样性保护工作的重点区域。基于生态学“源”“汇”理论，提取2000-2016年生态系统转移变化较小、生境质量较好的生态斑块和各类自然保护地作为生态源地，采用最小累积阻力模型构建研究区潜在生态廊道，并进行连通性评价，提出生态网络优化方案。结果表明，林地、灌丛是该区域物种迁移和扩散过程中起主导连接作用的景观类型，占生态廊道面积比例的63.9%，其次是草地，占生态廊道面积比例的13.87%；潜在生态网络结构连接度较高，但部分廊道结构较复杂，冗余性较高；通过重力模型优先选择相互作用力>5的生态廊道，并提取出32个生态断裂点和28个“暂栖息地”，最终提出保护生态源地、分级生态廊道、规划暂栖息地和修复生态断裂点等生态网络优化对策，研究结果可为太行山优先区-太行山片区生物多样性保护提供科学方法和建议。     

自然保护地巡护道路设计中几个主要指标的确定

自然保护地原则上按核心区和一般管控区实行分区管控。各类保护地巡护道路设计体系目前没有相关设计规范。文章对保护地内巡护道路的等级、平纵设计指标、横断面指标的确定需考虑的因素进行分析,提出了相应的设计指标和参数,以期对后续巡护道路设计提供参考。     

利用马尾松解析木对林地立地指数和立地形的研究

利用重庆市南川区马尾松解析木数据，选择合适的导向曲线方程，建立基于导向曲线的立地指数和立地形模型，并对立地形的适用性进行说明。根据散点图和三倍标准差对解析木数据进行了选择，排除了不符合要求的圆盘记录对。采用5种常用的经验生长方程对年龄-树高、胸径-树高进行拟合，根据决定系数R²,均方根误差RMES、 AIC、方程的参数变动系数以及拟合曲线对方程进行选择；根据选定的方程，求出其连续生长量方程和平均生长量方程，并采用matlab绘制出其曲线方程，根据连续生长量和平均生长量次相交后的下一个龄（径）阶，选择出基准年龄（胸径）；利用标准差调整法进行编表，编表后采用成对T检验方法对立地指数表和立地形表进行验证。结果表明，立地指数和立地形的表达精度在95%水平下显著，平均总相对误差和相对总误差都<5%，而预估精度分别达到了99.18%和99.22%，说明所编立地指数表和立地形表精度较高，能够满足编表需要。根据导向曲线绘制生长量曲线方程的方法确定基准年龄和基准胸径的方法准确可行；由于龄阶和径阶的选择差异，导致立地指数级不同，同时影响了立地形与立地指数的编表质量；由于树木的生长特性，立地形在表示立地质量时，在林木的早期将会低于立地指数，在树木生长的中后期将会高于立地指数；立地形的适用性取决于胸径与树高的相关性，相关性越强，立地形就越准确，在选择合适的优势木的情况下，立地形可以取代立地指数来表示林地质量。     

Assessing the utility of topographic variables in predicting structural complexity of tree stands in a reforested urban landscape

The transformation of natural landscapes into impervious built-up surfaces through urbanization is known to significantly interfere with the ecological integrity of urban landscapes and accelerate climate change and associated impacts. Although urban reforestation is widely recognised as an ideal mitigation practice against these impacts, it often has to compete with other lucrative land uses within an urban area. The often limited urban space provided for reforestation therefore necessitates the optimization of the ecological benefits, which demands spatially explicit information. The recent proliferation of tree stands structural complexity (SSC) and topographic data offer great potential for determining the ecological performance of reforested areas across an urban landscape. This study explores the potential of using topographic datasets to predict SSC in a reforested urban landscape and ranks the value of these topographic variables in determining SSC. Tree structural data from a reforested urban area was collected and fed into a tree stand structural complexity index, which was used to indicate ecological performance. Topographic variables (Topographic Wetness Index, slope, Area Solar Radiation and elevation)- were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and used to predict SSC using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression technique. Results show that SSC varied significantly between the topographic variables. Results also show that the topographic variables could be used to reliably predict SSC. As expected, the Topographic Wetness Index and slope were the most important topographic determinants of SSC while elevation was the least valuable. These results provide valuable spatially explicit information about the ecological performance of the reforested areas within an urban landscape. Specifically, the study demonstrates the value of topographic data as aids to urban reforestation planning.     

Nutritional Qualities of the Low-Value Bivalve Mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides at the Estuarine Waters of the Southwestern Coast of India

The bivalve mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides collected from the estuarine system located in the southwest coastal waters of India were evaluated for their nutritional composition. A balanced essential to nonessential amino acid ratio (> 1.0) with a greater quantity of sulfur-containing amino acids in these species demonstrated that they could provide well-balanced protein depositions. The n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in P. malabarica was found to be greater than 2, and, therefore, can be considered as a healthy diet. The C₂₀–C₂₂ long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (for example, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) accounted for more than 23% of the total fatty acid content in P. malabarica as compared to about 7% in V. cyprinoides. P. malabarica showed greater hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (1.7) and lesser atherogenicity (0.7), thrombogenicity (0.3) indices when contrasted with those in V. cyprinoides, thereby indicating the nutritional superiority of the former. A greater content of vitamin D₃ (> 150 IU), along with significant quantities of calcium and phosphorus (> 500 mg/100 g) in the clams, signified their importance in preventing osteoporosis. This study demonstrated the importance of bivalves, in particular, P. malabarica as a valued species for human consumption.     

Enhancing capacity for freshwater conservation at the genetic level: a demonstration using three stream macroinvertebrates

1. Species diversity is declining more rapidly in freshwater ecosystems than in any other, but the consequences for genetic diversity, and hence evolutionary potential, are poorly understood. In part this reflects limited use and development of modern molecular tools and genetic approaches to address conservation questions in rivers, lakes and wetlands. As widespread, diverse and functionally important organisms, freshwater macroinvertebrates are ideal candidates for genetic approaches to reveal, for example, the conservation consequences of demographic histories and past disturbances. However, the availability of microsatellite markers for this group is very limited.
2. Using next generation sequencing, microsatellite markers were developed for Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1761), Amphinemura sulcicollis (Stephens, 1836) and Baetis rhodani (Pictet, 1843) to enable conservation genetic investigations of these widespread invertebrate species. Fifty‐two robust microsatellite loci were developed (18, 21 and 13 per species), all with high levels of allelic diversity (7–27, 3–16, 5–13 alleles per loci, respectively).
3. These tools will allow assessment of genetic structure, dispersal and demographic resilience in these model species as a function of environmental change and variation, thereby aiding freshwater monitoring and conservation. The authors urge further capacity building to support genetic applications to the conservation biology of other aquatic organisms.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

饲料脂肪水平对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长、血液生化指标及抗氧化性能的影响

以鱼油、豆油、亚麻籽油等比例混合,配成脂肪含量分别为5.45%(L1)、7.00%(L2)、10.44%(L3)、14.37%(L4)、16.34%(L5)、18.91%(L6)及20.15%(L7)的等氮饲料,饲喂俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[(6.20±0.02)g]8周。实验结果表明,L3组的终末体质量、增重率最大,但与L2组间无显著差异(P0.05),L3组的蛋白质效率显著高于其它组(P0.05),且饲料系数最低。L6和L7组终末体质量、增重率和蛋白质效率显著低于L2和L3组(P0.05)。将幼鱼的增重率与饲料脂肪水平进行回归分析,得出俄罗斯鲟幼鱼在饲料脂肪水平为10.69%时生长最佳。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,各组鱼的肝体比和体粗脂肪有上升趋势,其中肝体比在饲料脂肪含量大于14.37%时显著增大(P0.05)。血清中的甘油三酯、胆固醇含量也随脂肪水平升高而显著提高(P0.05),提示脂肪过高会影响俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长,降低蛋白质效率,导致脂肪在体内的过量积蓄。L7组鱼血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量最高,而L1组鱼的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量最高。肝脏脂蛋白酯酶活性随饲料脂肪水平的提高而升高,脂肪酸合成酶活性则随脂肪水平升高而降低,提示饲料脂肪水平的提高会促进鱼体脂肪的分解代谢。肝脏丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性均随着饲料脂肪水平的提高显著升高(P0.05),表明脂肪含量过高会导致脂质过氧化,引发机体抗氧化酶活性的升高。综合俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长、血液指标及抗氧化性能,建议生产中将幼鱼的饲料脂肪水平控制在7.00%~10.69%。     

乳山近海渔业资源种类组成及变化

根据2013—2015年乳山近海拖网渔船的渔捞日志,分析了乳山近海的单位捕捞努力量渔获量、渔获种类组成及生物多样性等特征。结果表明:(1)乳山近海渔获物共有36种,隶属于19目28科33属。其中鱼类有26种,虾蟹类4种,头足类4种,水母类1种,贝类1种。(2)2013—2015年全年优势种差异明显。其中,蓝点马鲛3年均为优势种,鳀鱼是2014年和2015年优势种,网纹狮子鱼为2013年和2015年的优势种。(3)乳山近海渔获物主要集中在休渔期前后的4—5月、9—11月,渔业生产存在明显的春汛和秋汛。2013—2015年乳山近海单位捕捞努力量渔获量逐年增加,但与历史单位捕捞努力量渔获量相比还是存在明显下降;多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势一致,多样性指数和丰富度指数较高值出现在秋季;春汛和秋汛期间,渔业资源种属组成及群落结构相似性较高。